Chromium (Cr) is a highly carbide forming element. Chromium carbides raise the steel’ s toughness and increase scaling and wear resistance. Moreover, chromium increases the resistance to oxidation (including that caused by high temperatures) and the resistance to corrosion. It constitutes the main alloying element for stainless steel.

Molybdenum (Μο) is a strong carbide former. It gives steel extra resistance to corrosion and particularly to pitting and crevice corrosion – these terms are explained later. The high melting point of molybdenum makes it important for giving strength to steel at high temperatures.

Titanium (Ti) and Niobium (Nb) are both elements that form carbides and raise steel’s strength and resistance – even at high temperatures. Both of them play the role of stabilizer and contribute in reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion – it is explained later.

Silicon (Si) and Aluminum (Al) are two elements used for the deoxidization of steel. High silicon content leads to lower ductility. Both of them increase resistance to oxidation in high temperature environments.